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1.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 138(12): 1517-1523, dic. 2010. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-583048

ABSTRACT

Background: Secondhand smoke (SHS) is an established cause of morbidity and mortality among non-smokers. The workplace is an important source of exposure, especially among workers of restaurants, bars and nightclubs. Aim: To estimate the daily occupational exposure to SHS among non-smoking workers of bars and restaurants of Santiago, Chile. Material and Methods: Environmental vapor-phase nico-tine was measured for 95 non-smoking workers of bars and restaurants of Santiago, using passive personal samplers during a daily work shift and outside the workplace. Results: The median occupational exposure to air nicotine was 9.18 µg/m³ (P25-P75 3.15-25.67 µg/m³). Higher concentrations were found among workers of places with no smoking restrictions (22.72 µg/m³; P25-P75 5.73-34.85 µg/m³), bar workers (20.75 µg/m³, P25-P75 5.03-44.67 µg/m³), waiters (20.57 µg/m³, PP25-P75 5.66-42.73 µg/m3) and bartenders (10.37 µg/m³, P25-P75 9.75-25.67 µg/m³). The median concentration of nicotine outside the workplace was 1.79 µg/m³ (P25-P75 1.02-3.00 µg/m³). Occupational exposure was 4.77 times higher compared to the non-work exposure. Conclusions: Workers of bars and restaurants are exposed to high levels of SHS at the workplace. Moreover, occupational exposure among these non-smoking workers is, in most cases, the main source of daily exposure to this pollutant.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Air Pollutants, Occupational/analysis , Nicotine/analysis , Occupational Exposure/adverse effects , Restaurants , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects , Air Pollutants, Occupational/toxicity , Chile , Cross-Sectional Studies , Occupational Exposure/analysis , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis , Workplace/classification , Workplace/statistics & numerical data
2.
Salud pública Méx ; 52(supl.2): S138-S148, 2010. ilus, graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-571806

ABSTRACT

Secondhand smoke (SHS) contains toxicants and carcinogens that are known to cause premature death and disease. Objectively measuring SHS exposure can support and evaluate smoke-free legislations. In Latin America, the most commonly used methods to measure SHS exposure are airborne nicotine and respirable suspended particles (PM2.5). Here we present results from studies conducted in public places and homes across Latin American countries. Airborne nicotine was detected in most locations between 2002-2006, before the implementation of 100 percent smoke-free legislation in Uruguay, Panama, Guatemala and other large cities within Latin America. Between 2006 and 2008, PM2.5 levels were found to be five times higher in places where smoking was present at the time of sampling compared to those without smoking. Measuring SHS exposure across Latin America has increased our understanding of the magnitude of exposure in this region and results have been used to effectively promote smoke-free legislation.


El humo de tabaco (HT) contiene tóxicos y carcinógenos que causan muerte prematura y enfermedades. La medición objetiva de la exposición en el ambiente a HT puede apoyar y evaluar las legislaciones que prohiben fumar. Aquí presentamos resultados de estudios realizados en lugares públicos y hogares latinoamericanos usando los métodos más comunes para esta exposición: nicotina y partículas respirables (PM2.5). Se detectó nicotina en el aire de la mayoría de los lugares muestreados entre 2002-2006, antes de la ejecución de la legislación 100 por ciento libre de humo en Uruguay, Panamá, y Guatemala. Entre 2006-2008, los niveles de PM2.5 resultaron ser cinco veces mayores en lugares donde personas fumaban comparado con lugares sin fumadores. Medir la exposición al HT en América Latina ha aumentado nuestra comprensión de la magnitud de la exposición en esta región y ha servido para promover eficazmente legislación libre de humo de tabaco.


Subject(s)
Humans , Environmental Exposure/prevention & control , Environmental Monitoring , Health Promotion , Smoking/prevention & control , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/prevention & control , Air Pollutants/analysis , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Environmental Monitoring/instrumentation , Equipment Design , Latin America , Nicotine/analysis , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis
3.
Salud pública Méx ; 49(supl.2): s205-s212, 2007. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-454166

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: La legislación mexicana considera como espacios libres de humo de tabaco a muchos lugares públicos. Sin embargo, no existen evaluaciones de la exposición a humo de tabaco ambiental que permitan medir el cumplimiento de las leyes ni identificar espacios de oportunidad para el control de la exposición. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo cuantificar los niveles de nicotina ambiental en lugares públicos de la Ciudad de México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Utilizando un protocolo común a otros países de América Latina, durante marzo de 2004 se colocaron monitores de difusión pasiva de nicotina en un hospital, dos escuelas, un edificio de oficinas públicas, un aeropuerto, siete restaurantes y tres bares de la Ciudad de México. Los monitores fueron analizados en la Universidad Johns Hopkins, donde la nicotina fue extraída y cuantificada usando cromatografía de gases con detección selectiva de nitrógeno. La concentración mediana de nicotina ambiental fue estimada por tipo de lugar y por área de restricción para fumar. RESULTADOS: Se detectó nicotina ambiental en todos los lugares públicos. Las mayores concentraciones se observaron en bares (6.01 µg/m³), restaurantes (0.69 µg/m³), aeropuerto (0.21 µg/m³) y oficinas públicas (0.10 æg/m³). Los grados de exposición fueron similares a los observados en otras ciudades de América Latina. CONCLUSIONES: Las concentraciones de nicotina en el aeropuerto y las oficinas públicas reflejan la falta de cumplimiento con la legislación vigente en México. Las concentraciones de nicotina registradas en bares y restaurantes evidencian la necesidad de impulsar medidas legislativas que establezcan a estos sitios como lugares públicos y de trabajo libres de humo de tabaco.


OBJECTIVE: Mexican legislation considers many public places as smoke-free spaces. However, no environmental tobacco smoke exposure assessment studies exist to evaluate compliance with governmental regulations and to identify opportunities for tobacco control. The main objective of this study is to quantify airborne nicotine concentrations in public places in Mexico City. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During March 2004, nicotine passive monitors were allocated in a hospital, two schools, a public office building, an airport, seven restaurants, and three bars following a common protocol applied in other Latin American countries. Monitors were analyzed at the Johns Hopkins University, extracting the nicotine and quantifying it using nitrogen selective gas chromatography. Median concentrations of environmental nicotine were estimated by type of place and smoking restriction. RESULTS: Airborne nicotine was detected in all public places. The highest concentrations were observed in bars (6.01 µg/m³), restaurants (0.69 µg/m³), airport (0.21 µg/m³), and public offices (0.10 µg/m³). Nicotine exposure concentrations are similar to those previously observed in other capital cities of Latin America. CONCLUSIONS: Nicotine levels in the airport and public offices reflect the lack of compliance with mandatory non-smoking official regulations in Mexico. High nicotine concentrations in bars and restaurants provide evidence for the need to advance smoke-free legislative action in these public and work places.


Subject(s)
Humans , Air Pollutants/analysis , Inhalation Exposure/analysis , Nicotine/analysis , Public Facilities , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis , Mexico , Urban Health
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